E-mail protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-mail protocol - Research Paper Example Anonymity of all the parties together with message security and integrity can be ensured by use of digital signature protocols that make it possible for delivery of electronic mail to be certified. i. Several reasons make it necessary to certify delivery of electronic mail. These include: a. To eliminate the danger of hacking, reverse engineering and eavesdropping. b. To ensure that the parties to an electronic message remain anonymous to each other for security reasons. c. To make it possible to safely transfer information from one party to another or from one sender to multiple recipients while at the same time addressing the issue of repudiation. ii. Certifying delivery of electronic mail has several advantages over conventional mail because: a. It improves efficiency of mail delivery while at the same time taking care of security concerns. b. Either of the parties to the message is barred by the protocol from ever denying having received or sent the message. iii. The protocol ens ures that only the intended message is sent. E-mail Protocol Abstract The issue of security can never be overlooked in this digital age when it comes to corporate emails. A simple leakage of confidential information can create a huge social, economical and political scene that can be costly in terms of money. Therefore, the need to add value to delivery of important data over the internet to safeguard individual and corporate interests cannot be overemphasized. To guarantee delivery of email messages, it would be paramount to consider using certified mail and lay down stringent rules to govern employee conduct towards the use of conventional email. However, there are controversies that surround the use of certified mail in that it deals only with a single sender and a single recipient. So, what happens when there is the need to send an email message to more than one recipient? The answer lies in the use of a multi party certified e-mail protocol with multiple recipient capabilities. It enables the sender to realize his intention of sending similar message to multiple recipients. Any recipient who acknowledges receipt of the sender’s message is guaranteed to have received the email. To appreciate the role of email protocols best, it would suffice to not only consider how security loopholes can be sealed in the current internet infrastructure but also look at possible ways of curtailing weaknesses and optimizing on strengths of email protocol. Introduction Without email protocols, it would not be possible to maintain a consistent and orderly system for transporting, routing, handling, retrieval and storage of email messages. Email protocols provide the rules for governing such activities. There are several protocols that enable a mail server and a mail client to exchange information but this will be dealt with later on in this document. Though these protocols differ in some ways, yet they all follow similar pattern. First, one computer will normally start a conversation with another. Second, as the conversation is taking place, the server acknowledges the command using a certain code. The code informs about the success of the command or if an error occurred and finally the conversation is ended. The email protocol helps eliminate communication barriers in email systems thereby making it unnecessary to rely on proprietary protocols. This has the overall effects of making communication to be efficient by eliminating the need of

Black Fly Beverage Company Essay Example for Free

Black Fly Beverage Company Essay Black Fly Beverage Company is a small beverage company based in London Ontario. The company has achieved recent success in the selling and promoting of their first alcoholic beverage, the cranberry/blueberry vodka cooler. The immediate success of this product presents two critical issues that the company must address. These critical issues are: †¢Black fly must expand its product mix in order to capture a larger market share in order to compete with larger established brands within the market place †¢Black Fly must also address capacity issues that will arise with an increase in demand or introduction of a new flavor Analysis. Current Situation Black Fly’s cranberry-blueberry vodka cooler has been well received by consumers due to its natural tasting ingredients and no chemical sweeteners producing a premium product different than existing similar beverages. The company now must take this opportunity to give their consumers another product to further explore the brand. Attempting to penetrate deeper within their current product will not allow its customers to further explore their favorite brand of vodka cooler. This will cause Black Fly to begin to lose their customers to other competing companies that offer multiple products and flavors (see exhibit 9). Black Fly also must also address the company’s capacity issues in order to allow them to meet the LCBO’s average order lead-time of seven days. At full capacity Black Fly is meeting the required lead time with minimal margin of error to account for delays, however, during the holiday season, which will occur as early as next month, the company will not be able to keep up with the increase in demand and will fail fulfill the LCBO’s order in time (see exhibit 7). Options The first option available to Black Fly would be to expand its product mix with the addition of a new flavor to compliment their existing cooler. The company will be able to take advantage of economies of scale through the current production; therefore a minimal cost of $30,000 will only be needed to cover development and merchandising fees. To cover this initial cost Black Fly will have to sell an additional 127 cases a month to break even, an increase of 10. 58% (see exhibit 2). It has been projected that adding another flavor to the product line could increase sales by 50 to 75 percent. This projected increase in sales would produce an annual expected ROI of 373% and 609% respectively (see exhibit 5). If however sales increased by only 10% due to the risk of cannibalization of their original recipe then the expected ROI would be -5% (see exhibit 5). This increase in sales however will put additional strain on the company’s current capacity (see exhibit 8). A second option to Black Fly would be the addition of a new specialty spirit-based product called â€Å"Spiked Ice†. This packaged ready to freeze cooler would be a non-competing product to the already successful cranberry-blueberry vodka. An advantage to this product is that there is no other product similar to it out in the marketplace. The LCBO has also committed to sell 8,000 cases of the product over the four summer months, which would produce revenues of $277,200 (see exhibit 3). Over this four month period this option will produce an ROI of 15% (see exhibit 6). To produce â€Å"Spiked Ice† the company however will have to purchase expensive machinery costing $500,000 and spend an additional $40,000 on merchandising and product development. To cover these costs Black Fly would have to sell an additional 7,585 cases of â€Å"Spiked Ice† (see exhibit 4). This may prove difficult as this new product is very seasonal producing higher sales in the summer months and potentially smaller sales in the fall and winter months, a time in which the LCBO has not committed to sell this product at this time. Another disadvantage to this option is the space that this new machinery would occupy in the already small warehouse. Black Fly’s current facilities cannot produce â€Å"Spiked Ice† and the original vodka simultaneously which would result in Black Fly loosing monthly revenues of $23,641 (see exhibit 1). Recommendation It is apparent that Black Fly must attempt to offer a variety of products to enhance its product mix and to keep current customers from trying other flavors offered by other competitors. At this time the best way to proceed with this will be to launch a new flavored vodka to compliment the already successful cranberry-blueberry vodka. The low initial costs and economies of scale gained through this option will allow Black Fly to introduce this new flavor quickly and efficiently to capitalize sales during the upcoming holiday season. To help address the concern of future capacity issues it would be recommended that Black Fly hire two more part-time workers and to run the production process seven days a week. This will be possible due to the expected high ROI associated with this option. This increase in production will allow the company to complete six full runs amounting to 3000 cases within the seven day lead time required by the LCBO ( see exhibit 10). In the future it will become necessary to upgrade to a larger facility and at that time it would be beneficial to begin producing â€Å"Spiked Ice†, however at this current time, given the company’s limited time in the market, it is suggested that Black Fly only pursue the launching of a new flavor. After the company has received sales from the holiday season the company will then be able to better address the possibility of relocating to a new warehouse and address their plans for â€Å"Spiked Ice† for the upcoming summer months.

Comparing Journey of the Magi by Eliot and Pygmalion by Shaw Essays

T. S. Eliot’s poem ‘Journey of the Magi’ is rich in content, imagery, symbolism and above all Biblical References. The poem throws some powerful questions to all the readers and seeks answers from them. This poem is very deep and hard to understand at the very first reading. Its charm lies in its complexity and ambiguity. Here the poet talks about journey of three wise men from East and their struggle. Their journey starts at a very tough time of the atmosphere – â€Å"the worst time of the year† and that makes the task altogether more difficult. The very first step proved hard and unbearable for them. They know from the beginning that the journey is too long and will be tough to accomplish. The very weather was sharp and it was bone chilling, â€Å"very dead of winter†. On the other hand, in ‘Pygmalion’ G. B. Shaw speaks something very similar. In the preface itself he makes his purpose very clear and tells that as a phonetician one can change the life of a layman. The reformation of the inner soul is possible if proper and systematic training could be provided to the countrymen. A planned rigorous linguistic training can bring a sea-change in the character of the person. He tells that English language can uplift the status of the person in the society. In the first act he introduces a Notetaker who is interested in noting down the speech of different class of people in the throng. The Notetaker feels that these people are not correct users of English language and in a way they are insulting the whole country. He is aware of all the hurdles in making them fluent speakers but as a humanitarian he never looses his hope. Hoping against hope he lives in the expectation that one day the change will come. The Flower Girl is also someone wh o ... ...ns or Pickering. She realizes her own strengths and power and decides to opt for Freddy. In a way like a powerful woman she makes her mind to support Freddy life long. Finally the poem takes so many references from Bible and it revolves around the events in Bible. On the other hand the play is based on a Greek Myth of Pygmalion and Galatea. But unlike the Myth here the heroine of the play rejects her trainer – creator – sculptor , Prof. Henry Higgins and leads her own destiny. In the poem – ‘Journey of the Magi’ the transformation is well decided and not induced but in the play – ‘Pygmalion’ the transformation comes from someone else. Eliza wants to end up as a Lady in a Flower Shop and that is why she takes lessons from Higgins. In poem the magi are not satisfied with the change and same way in the play also Eliza is not satisfied with the transformation.

Does man survive better under natural law or civilized law

When asked this question, the first thing that pops into mind is what both of these mean. Civilized law is our current position in society, and natural law exists among people who are not a part of mainstream society. If taking the side of civilized law, one could argue how advanced and fortunate people have become. We are starting to witness the beginning of a new era. It is full of information and technology, and it will decide how the future is going to be. But despite all our new inventions and ideas that show us how we’re better than the generations before us, have we grown in any other ways? Does being under civilized law only mean becoming more advanced technologically, or does it also apply to our morals as well? Obviously, society has developed a lot in learning and technology. Today we have inventions such as the computer and nuclear power plants. Things that were never imagined long ago can be easily found today. Machines alleviate us of a lot of hard work that had to be done by hand, so in this sense; we have become more fortunate under civilized law. On the other hand though, not all the technology we have is used for good. Society has produced many weapons specialized to kill large quantities of people. Many people have to live in constant fear of these weapons, while others use them for protection. We still have as many wars as we did in the past, but now the new technology used in them helps bring about more casualties. Could this be, by far, crueler than what our ancestors could ever possibly do to one another under the time of natural law? Besides the wars, society has not grown in understanding other people. There is still prejudice today. Many hate groups like the KKK are still around, and many new ones have come into being. In the past when our country was just starting to be formed, there were prejudices just because people were different. Over 100 years later, people haven’t changed much, and there is still prejudice, making one wonder if we have become a more knowledgeable society under the concept of civilized law. Technically we have become civilized under this concept. Society, though, cannot determine if this sort of ? civilized nature? is for the better or for the worse. Under civilized law we have created new inventions and ideas, however our morals have converted to a more barbaric state. The growing amounts of war, hatred, and acts of violence are demeaning to our current society. The concept of civilized law, whether intentional or not, has destroyed man. Maybe not technologically, but morally.

The nineteenth century in the US

The nineteenth century in the US had an unmistakable theme, immigration. Over 20 million immigrants, mostly European, came to the United States between 1820 and 1900. They came for a variety of reasons. Most came because the economies of many European countries were in crisis and workers had a very hard time finding work. As well, some fled religious and cultural persecution. Most of them decided to come to the US because of the opportunities they had heard abounded in the US. One immigrant put it well when he said, â€Å"We are in such bad shape and in need of so much that there is nothing left for us here, we must go. † Once they arrived in the US, the immigrants were seen as second class citizens by the vast majority of US citizens. As one American put it, â€Å"I can't understand those scum, those immigrants, for they talk differently and do things differently than I do. † The flood tide of Europeans also overwhelmed the limited charitable services available at the time. One historian referred to the settlement house movement as, â€Å"effective as bailing out the ocean with a teaspoon. Immigrants emigrated to America for the opportunity to improve themselves and found horrible working and living conditions that were a large price, although it was one they were willing to pay. Immigrants came to the US because of political persecution and economic hardships at home. Some European countries persecuted certain ethnic groups for no apparent reason. For example, both Yugoslavia and France blamed Jews for their economic problems. As the French Secretary of the Treasury put it, â€Å"Those Evil Jews who befoul our towns shall not work here, for they are second. Christians shall get the right. † Jews would get beaten by the police and as a result sought political asylum in the â€Å"land of the free†, the United States. It was also extremely difficult for many to get jobs in Europe where 50% of the workers were unemployed in some countries. The main exception was England which thrived on industry as the US did. Workers were encouraged to go to the US because of pamphlets that gave such promises as â€Å"Good work, a free life, a good life for all. † The demand of factory workers was constantly growing, and immigrants decided to take their chance. As one immigrant said, â€Å"We have nothing to lose, for we have nothing. The US is our greatest and only chance. † Immigrants came to the US expecting a higher standard of living but were forced into poor living and working conditions. The vast majority of immigrants, who lived in cities, lived in tenements. These were apartment buildings that were shabbily constructed and contained extremely small apartments. Twenty four to thirty two families were packed inside these six to eight storey structures, often referred to as dumbbell buildings due to the air shaft between the buildings that made them look like dumbbells from above. The residents were highly susceptible to disease, and life expectancy was significantly lower, by about 10 years, in these areas. Up to 4,000 people lived on some city blocks. Families had one, maybe two, small rooms. They had no privacy as the walls were thin as well. As one immigrant put it, â€Å"I can't even talk without my entire building knowing what I said, the walls are so thin. † Bathrooms were also usually outside, although around the turn of the century, some began to appear inside. Tenements were also susceptible to fires. Due to the required air shaft between buildings, the air got trapped which caused more fires. As the material that tenements were made of was very susceptible to fire, widespread fires were common. As one immigrant described it, â€Å"I watched it and as the flames struck it, the entire block seemed to go up in a flash. It was horrible. † Working conditions for the immigrants were also horrific. The immigrants generally did two kinds of work. The first were the jobs Americans wouldn†t do and the second were the unskilled jobs that almost any person, American or immigrant, could do. Immigrants were also willing to be paid less money for the same work. Immigrants were often used as strike breakers because many of them didn†t understand the concept of strikes since it wasn†t part of their culture. The immigrants saw these jobs as ones that had been abandoned and so they took them, provoking anger in Americans for â€Å"job stealing†. As Guillaume Fouchon said,†We do not strike because it challenges our honor. As well, in the old country, there were so few jobs and so many workers. † Also, immigrants misunderstood the process of striking because it was hard to organize people who spoke different languages. Immigrants also had very little in the way of political power. This was not much of a problem, however, for as one immigrant said, â€Å"I just want to succeed, and then I'll worry about how much political power I have. † With the exception of some groups like the Irish, the immigrants had no political power at first. However, near the turn of the century, immigrant votes became a factor as they represented 15% of the voting public in New York alone. This caused the immigrants to gain increased political power through the vote. The Chinese were often called the devils of the immigrants. They were different than all the other immigrant groups because they had a different complexion. As a result, they were subject to more prejudice. The Chinese, who mainly lived and worked in California, took many railroad jobs away from the preexisting Americans. This resulted in their being stoned and having their houses burned to the ground. Such actions were supported by both major parties. As a Democratic National Committee spokesman said, â€Å"We must fight to rid the earth of the evil Chinese. † This was significant because even the â€Å"party of the immigrants†, the Democrats, were against the Chinese. Also, most Chinese, unlike most Europeans, wanted to go to the US, earn money and then go back to China. The American public resented the Chinese and labeled them as a second-class race. As a result of all this prejudice, the Chinese were largely banned from immigrating. As Robert Ingersoll said, the Chinese were not allowed to follow the national progression that benefitted earlier immigrants. Immigrants hoped that by coming to America, they could still retain their culture which they were unable to do in large part due to the education system. Immigrants hoped that they could both move up socially to the same level as the Americans as well as keep their identity intact. When they first arrived, immigrants kept their cultural identity intact by creating ethnic neighborhoods such as Little Frances or Little Italies. These were places for people of one ethnic group, or even one town or one province, to retain their cultural values. These were very prominent, with 17 little Italies in Chicago alone. It was essential for these immigrants to have these places to attempt to avoid assimilation. As Italian immigrant Verduccio Marsongeri put it, â€Å"I need my little Italy because the old country is still so important to me. † In this way, the free education given in the US to most children, American or immigrant, was a mixed blessing. While it certainly prepared immigrant children for better jobs due to better education than their parents had had, education also resulted in a loss of cultural identity. Those children who were educated in the US were instilled with American and not old country values as well as English as the primary language. This was in fact an intended consequence of the education expansion, that the immigrant children be assimilated into American culture so as to eliminate the foreign influence on the US. While immigrants certainly didn†t want their children to be assimilated into American culture, they were willing to pay the price if it meant better education. This accounted largely for the 3 fold increase in students from 7 million in 1870 to 22 million in 1920, as well as a rise in participation from 57 to 78 percent. While the doors of primary education were open, the doors of higher education remained largely closed to the immigrant. Immigrants could go to some lower tier private colleges and state universities, but not in general to the big names such as Yale, Harvard or Stanford. Yet, still it was a major improvement for now the immigrants could be educated the same as Americans. In conclusion, the immigrants came to the US in search of opportunity but found harsh conditions. The opportunity and advances the immigrants made in the US came at a large price. Factory workers were not able to move up and were forced to work in horrid conditions for low pay. Many despaired and wanted to move back, but they couldn†t due to lack of money. Many more, however, willingly stayed. The real benefits of American opportunity and culture would be passed down to the succeeding generations. Overall, the immigration from the Europe and Asia to the US was the largest in world history. As Christa Jackstone, historian, said about the affect immigrants had on the US, â€Å"Immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century really made this country because they literally built this country. As the blacks had done in the years before the Civil War, the immigrants were doing the hard work behind the scenes while other people took credit for it. † Although the immigrants themselves paid a large price, they willingly took the first steps that would benefit future generations.

How Far have We gone essays

How Far have We gone essays Moses Virella How Far Have We Gone? Audience: Government Agencies English I Birth is one of Gods greatest and oldest gifts. Being created by the fluids that run deep within our parents body, has been topic of research and studies for decades. The thought of human reproduction has always fascinated scientist, and brought many questions and doubts into play. How are we made?, and What makes us the smartest animals on the face of the Earth? Strike interest and pose serious curiosity to many researchers and scientist around the world. With technology advancing at a rate surpassing our previous time periods, it is still unclear how far can we go, and how far have we gotten. Scientist have found that as humans we are made up of a substance called DNA. (DNA is any off a various substance of nucleic acid that are used as the basis of the molecular basis of heredity and are localized especially in the cell nuclei.) This substance entrained from a humans spinal cord can be used in creating identical clones. Research has been under way for many years now, and in November a group of scientist plan to clone humans life for the first time ever. You can view your thoughts towards either advancement in technology or a race towards world annihilation. Reasonably speaking, I believe that human cloning is unnecessary and should be reconsidered. As people living in a immense cultural population, clones will likely pose threat to our social structure and cause severe damage. If we start letting doctors clone humans, we are just going ...

Great Expectations Essay Essay Example

Great Expectations Essay Essay Example Great Expectations Essay Paper Great Expectations Essay Paper Essay Topic: Great Expectations Essay on Great Expectations by Charles Dickens The well admired novelist Charles Dickens was born in 1812 to a clerk in the navy and wife Elizabeth. Charles was the oldest of eight children two of which died in childhood. The writer reflects his own upsetting family life onto the pages of his book. However he does exaggerate himself and what he went through, but under the name of Pip, this really adds to the atmosphere of the book. More great tributes to Great Expectations are the brilliant page turning, cliff hangers. The reason there are so many of them is due to the way the book was published. Dickens wanted his story to be b read and understood but he knew that his target audience would not be able to afford a book. So he printed his book chapter by chapter In a broadly read newspaper. During chapter one the reader Is Introduced to the mall character, orphan boy Pip, and they get an insight Into his family history and his present life. After reading the first page alone you can tell that the story is being told by Pip, but he is telling his tale years after it has first began. This allows the writer to express the characters feelings more vividly. : The writing is mature but things which happen are sometimes childish as PIP was young when It happened. For example when PIP Is imagining what his parents looked like l drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. This shows that the boy still had a Juvenile mind and also without realizing it Dickens has also told you that Pip has never met either of his parents which make the reader feel sorry and protective over the neglected character. Whilst PIP Is in the graveyard standing by his deceased relatives he Is met unexpectedly by a terrifying roll a mans voice threatening to cut his throat. Pip recalls the whole event thoroughly which leads me to believe that this must be an important feature in the main characters life. The reaction of the child to the fearful man is typical of a young boy. He acted frightened, and by the description Charles Dickens wrote, he had plenty of reasons for being in such a state e. G. : keep still you little devil. Also Pip agreed to get the man what he asked for because he had been told what dreadful things would happen to him if he did not succeed. By this time in the story the writer as already hooked the reader. This Is done by creating a story line which Involves a young vulnerable boy and a scary older convict. These two complete opposites meet and instantly make the person reading fear for the boy and therefore keep turning the pages to find out what happens next. For the duration of this particular section in the novel the scenery Is very spooky as Is the convict. Its almost the perfect setting for an intimidating confrontation. Its a cold, dark, damp graveyard in the middle of a Wilderness, this is certainly not a nice place to be so its almost a given that nothing ice is going to happen whilst being there. A lot of skill is shown in the way Dickens manages to describe the whole surroundings In one sentence. It Is as If he is looking around him and describing each thing as he sees It: dykes and mounds and gates,. Finally he ends the huge sentence with the short sharp word-Pip. This quite simply 1 OFF reader feels sorry for him). Personally, I believe that the scene has been purposely set to mirror the characteristics or the characters. This works both with small, innocent Pip and the evil prison escapee. If Dickens had written the scene in a sunny field then the eaters feeling towards the characters would be very, very different and certainly not as spooky. Moreover, the horrible setting of the story raises the question Why are those two people there in the first place? On one hand, what kind of life must Pip have if he chooses to spend time alone in a dark wilderness? On the other hand what must the convict have done to have no-where to go but a wet marshland? The language is very advanced as it was written as if from an older Pip in later life who is more mature than the child he once was. Therefore the descriptions are very detailed which can make the reader feel as if they themselves are witnessing the unfolding events. Certain sentences create a dark spooky atmosphere e. G. bleak place overgrown with nettles and distance savage lair. During this chapter 8 Pip is sent to Miss Hafniums grand house to play. This is as strange as it sounds but Miss Having is well known for being wealthy so Mrs. Joe Gagger, not being as well off as she would like, wastes no time in sending up young naive Pip. Nobody really knows much about this old lady who requests Pips company and this is exactly what intrigues the reader so much. At this point in his life Pip is still young therefore under the circumstances (being left alone in a strange place) he is quiet and afraid, worrying about doing thing wrong and displeasing Miss Having. This I can tell from several different incidents such as the way he speaks-I should think I could, miss, said l, in a shy way. I think this shows how Pip is scared of saying something he shouldnt in case he gets punished. He really doesnt want to get into trouble whilst living with the fierce Mrs. Eagerly. In addition Pip also repeats Miss after everything e says to Estella even though she isnt much older than him but it shows his deference to her. Throughout this first encounter with the lonely Miss Having I dont think Pip knew quite what to think about it all. He is confused at why she looks the disturbing way she does the bride within the bride within the bridal dress has withered like the flowers, and had no brightness left. Nonetheless he knows not to ask questions which conveys yet again how apprehensive. The descriptions of this grand old house and the people in it are so vivid; they paint a very clear image in the eaters mind. I think the paragraph describing Pips view if Miss Having is one of the best descriptions in the whole novel. The writer uses lots of skill in the sentence structure whilst giving a description of the outside of the large house. For example It was paved and clean, but grass was growing in every crevice. Dickens states a good point followed abruptly by a bad point. This technique makes the reader believe that all the good parts that were one there have been destroyed by the unattractive things. Overall the house seams dilapidated and this is clear to whoever lays eyes upon it. For a second time, it seems very likely that Charles Dickens wanted this scene to reflect the characters Miss Having and Estella. The cold, inventiveness of the house is very like Estella in the sense that she wants nothing to do with Pip and why he is there Dont be ridiculous, boy; I am not going in. This statement suggests that away from her if she can manage it. I think that the strange alone of the house and particularly the dressing room matches perfectly with the old ladies character. In chapter eight there is tension between Pip and Miss Having and Estella. The specially the room the boy is sent to are quite far away from any people Pip is acquainted with so this reinforces an idea of isolation. Also the language used to describe the scene where Pip meets the old lady for the first time creates a definite atmosphere of uneasiness and uncertainness. For instance language like- This was very uncomfortable, and I was half afraid. However the only thing to be done being to knock at the door. This extract from early on in the chapter, lets the reader know Just how much Pip would rather not be there. Dickens applies his skill of creating long in PPTP sentences during this scene to create atmosphere. For example; long sentences create the effect of a long, never ending, and dreary list. Moreover, the author is very repetitive. In the paragraph where Pip is taking in all that he sees for the first time the word she occurs lots; She had a long white veil She had not quite finished dressing She was dressed in rich materials This makes the reader aware of how significant she is and it creates an awkward environment, as if Pip is staring at the frail woman. In my opinion the meeting between Pip and the convict and the one between Pip and Miss Having for the first time, are very similar in the way the writer conveys the characters. For example the way in which Dickens makes each of the individuals unique but slightly alike. The scene where the young boy comes across the convict is frightening but all the same out of terror Pip wants to please his threatening convict in fear of what he will do to him; Or Ill heart and liver out. Even when the man is violent Pip still comes out with Go-good night, sir, Similarly, when Pip encounters Miss Having, to begin with he looks for a long time around the big room drinking it al in, but then the uneasy conversation begins. Like being asked to fetch whittles Pip is yet again asked to do something strange- l want to see some play. However Pip gets on with it in order not to disappoint, he says If you complain of me I shall get into trouble with my sister, so. When Pip is offered Great expectations he assumes it is Miss Having who is his benefactor because while he spent time at her house he was often scrutinized for being a common labouringly boy. Consequently he thinks she wants him to turn into the opposite. As soon as he realizes who his benefactor really is he is shocked and how matters eave turned around. I suppose that the famous author wanted to make a point that whatever your background you can always make something of yourself. Additionally I think Charles Dickens novels are a social commentary on some of the hardships at life at the time, such as upper class snobbery, but the main element of the story is the twist in the tail that Pip has lived under the huge misapprehension that the wealthy Miss Having is his benefactor when all along it was the convict Machine.