Martin Luther King And Gandhi - 910 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. had illustrated civil disobedient to the world during a challenging time, by quoting inspirational words from Gandhi and Thoreau. Gandhi had also quoted Thoreau throughout his stimulating time. Before Martin Luther King and Gandhi, Thoreau exemplified civil disobedience in the 1800’s. The purpose of Thoreau’s civil disobedience was to make a different world. King and Gandhi had the same purpose. That is one of the main reasons why they connected to Thoreau’s essay. Born July 12th 1817, Thoreau grew up very educated. Education surrounded him everywhere. At home, his sister was his educated tutor. Thoreau loved to read. Thoreau would read and memorize Shakespeare, John Bunyan, and more. Thoreau worked so hard that he was accepted to Harvard. After graduating Harvard in 1833, he returned to his home town. When he got back home, he became a teacher at an elementary school. Thoreau always kept a journal. It was in 1840 when Thoreau wanted to ma ke a name for his self as a published writer. In 1846 Thoreau had been sent to jail for not paying taxes. It was illegal during that time not to pay taxes. Thoreau did not pay his taxes because he did not agree with the war going on. From the Power of Peace Thoreau, Gandhi, and King article it quotes Thoreau. It state Thoreau says, â€Å"Thoreau sat in a jail cell, rather than pay the taxes and a fine to get out. He did this to make a public statement: ‘I refuse to support the war’.†¦ â€Å"Thoreau s friend, theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. And Gandhi1132 Words   |  5 Pagesof nonviolence are Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas K. Gandhi. While there are many pros to nonviolence, there are just as many cons. Somehow these two people managed to impact millions of people’s lives and still continue to do so today. Through all of the negativity and discrimination these two people became leaders in our society’s eyes and still remain as role models in our society now. There are always pros and cons to being a leader to millions, but Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi’s â€Å"non-traditional†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. And Gandhi1437 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most inspirational books written that influenced people such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi is Civil Disobedience. Written by Henry D. Thoreau and based on his live relieving experience at Walden s Pond provides us with a new way to look at our lives. Civil Disobedience is a book that provides a new life changing experience. Thoreau’s time at Walden Pond is described as an experiment in living deliberately which he furthers to describe as living with a purpose, making choices, andRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr And Mahatma Gandhi Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr and Mahatma Gandhi on Nonviolence Introduction: Martin Luther King Jr and Mahatma Gandhi are both great exmples and role models of the nonviolent protest from there very different religious backgrounds. Although the two have different religious beliefs, but the fact that they have the same approach to the nonviolent factor that plays a big role in the world still to this day. Martin Luther King Jr. a black male southern Baptis preacher who was from Atlanta who was born inRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela1504 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela Non-violence is a concept that people participate in social and political change without violence. It is a form of social and political change between passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is notRead MoreMohandas Gandhi vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1935 Words   |  8 PagesMohandas Gandhi vs. Martin Luther King Jr. People all over the world know that Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. did great things in their life times. But which one was more effective during his time? The answer to this question is somewhat biased, usually depending on your race, geographical location, and if you or someone you know has directly experienced the effects of the actions of these men. An Indian would choose Mohandas Gandhi over Martin Luther King Jr. without even thinking aboutRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr And Mahatma Gandhi1560 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Gandhi is completely against violence, I believe that violence can be justified depending on the cause of it. If violence is used in the act of defense from an aggressor, then it is acceptable. However, in any other case, violence is unjustified. Looking back in history, several examples can be appreciated where violent paths were chosen. If those scenarios are analysed today, one can realize that peaceful options were available, but not chose n. Individuals like Martin Luther King Jr and MahatmaRead MoreBiography Of Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, And Nelson Mandela1430 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership.The word leadership was once thought of as something that you were born with, hence the very popular saying Great leaders are born, not made (What Makes An Effective Leader). Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela were all great examples of people who were natural born leaders. These three leaders were very charismatic, which enabled them to gather many followers. To some extent, being born a leader was true because according to David Celeste, Qualities such as charismaRead MoreMark Mandela, Martin Luther King, Jr., And Mohandas Gandhi2100 Words   |  9 PagesHowever, three of the most popular leaders used this strategy to influence the world were: Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mohandas Gandhi. These men were three of the most influential leaders to use the non-violence strategy. Gandhi was the first man to use this strategy in his birthplace of India when they went in a battle with the British to fight for Indian independence. Gandhi believed that the people of India deserved to be their own person and have their own personality without theRead MoreLeadership Ethics : Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi And Jack Welch933 Words   |  4 Pagessingle formula for leadership, and it will be best understood from multiple perspectives (Shriberg and Shriberg, 2011). We also accept the fact that every leader leads differently. Our team has chosen three exemplary leaders of all time – Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Jack Welch. Each one of them has exhibited a great amount of leadership skills and up to this day are used as examples in our current globalised economics. Their leadership has shaped countries and their influence has stretchedRead MoreFrom Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King2352 Words   |  10 PagesFrom Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King, there are as many leadership styles as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful and simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership, and these can help aspiring leaders understand which styles they should use. So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of

The Book Of Proverbs By Sam Maxwell Essay - 1420 Words

Sam Maxwell The Guide To Life: The Book of Proverbs Sam Maxwell Period 5 December 9, 2016 Bible Project The book that I studied was the Book of Proverbs. The book of Proverbs is part of the Books of Wisdom in the Old Testament of The Bible. The books in the wisdom section of The Bible (includes the book of Job, Psalms, Proverbs,Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Book of Wisdom and Sirach) are meant to try and spread wisdom to the reader and show the right way, or better ways to live your life in faith. The book of Proverbs is made up of guides on how to live a faithful life, and how to deal with different situations that you may come across in your life. Proverbs is a collection of instructions and sayings composed into a book (usccb.org, 2016). The Book of Proverbs is made up of both long and short guides to life that have to deal with certain situations. These passages can range from a length of seven verses to thirteen chapters. The situations that are written about are very common in today’s society. These situations that are written about in Proverbs range from laziness to laughter. Proverbs includes two types of writings: long instructions that are addressed to younger people and shorter sayings that are meant for all ages. Parallelism, which is the state of being parallel to something, or corresponding to something is very common in The Book of Proverbs. The book of Proverbs stresses that faith is a matter of rightShow MoreRelatedLimitation of Trait Theory12233 Words   |  49 Pagesintegrity in achieving this. Indeed, it can be argued that several of the worlds greatest leaders have lacked integrity and have adopted v alues that would not be shared by many people today. Leadership Definition : John C Maxwell : In the 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership, John Maxwell sums up his definition of leadership as leadership is influence - nothing more, nothing less. This moves beyond the position defining the leader, to looking at the ability of the leader to influence others - both those

Foundations of a Bible-based Christ-centered Worldview - Samples

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of a Bible-based Christ-centered Worldview. Answer: Description The search for the proper spiritualism is one of the most interesting aspects in the Christianity. God has been portrayed as the omnipotent being in the universe. He possesses all the powers that exist and he is capable of punishing the people who commit wrong deeds. This is why he can be called as the cosmic cop (White 1998). God always stares at the human beings with the extreme anger. It is because he wants to see who breaks the deadlock of ethics first. Then only he can punish those beings. God is always compassionate and He treats in a good manner who obeys the code of ethics of the God (Geering 2015). God always wants us to commit the good deed of which He can always be proud of, just like the Santa Claus. Analysis This book has focused on the attitude of God towards the human beings. God is the manifestation of perfection, warmth, trust and comfort for the human minds. The human beings have to depend on the attitude of God according to the deeds committed by them. God is generally very much benevolent indeed (Kasper 2012). The God shows either His love or anger according to the extent of their deeds. He will surely bestow love and comfort to the person who has done good works. On the contrary, He will demonstrate His anger for the people who have committed foul things. God is seen as the cosmic cop indeed. Human beings can experience the existence of real God if he really commits good deeds (Kasper 2012). Evaluation This book can be evaluated by saying that the existence of God leaves a huge mark on the work that the human beings on the earth (White 1998) God always keeps a secret but strict watch on the factors that the human beings take up. He is always ready with His deadly weapons to punish that person (Stump 2012). The people who do who good things will always get the best outcomes from God. God is also seen as the person who is always very angry and the people have to surrender to the powers of God in the ultimate fear. However, this tyrannical self is not the self of God as depicted in Christianity. God is the benevolent entity who adopts the human beings to His family when He understands the persons good capacities (Stump 2012). Personal response I will describe about the feelings I had regarding the existence of God. I feel that God is very much benevolent and He treats with all human beings in the same way. He thinks us to be a part of His family. He has sent Jesus Christ to convey His messages to the mankind. I believe if I do good things God will lead my way to salvation indeed. I have felt through my various experiences that God is not the ultimate dictator who just barks instructions. Rather, He is the calm persona who does all His judgments very clearly. This is why God leads us to the Heaven. References Geering, L., 2015.Christianity without god. Bridget Williams Books. Kasper, W., 2012.The God of Jesus Christ: New Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing. Stump, E., 2012. God's simplicity. InThe Oxford Handbook of Aquinas. White, J.E., 1998.A search for the spiritual: exploring real Christianity. Baker Books.

Salim Group Case study

Flexibility In order for Anthony Salim group to operate flexibly to capture whatever opportunities may arise on the axis between Australia, ASEAN and China, there must be certain tasks which its companies are required to fulfil. With regards to corporate communication, Salim group tends to stay off the media publication completely.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Salim Group Case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This in itself hinders transparency of its operations and shields the public from knowing its internal goals, size and performance. Dieleman (2006) also argues that â€Å"Even relative insiders such as board members of the OPUs do not know exactly what Salim Group as a whole is up to† (p.14). Since International accounting standards require transparency and disclosure, Salim Group may experience difficulties going multination due to violation of this very standard. Benny also explains in Di eleman (2006) that â€Å"We don’t give interviews to reporters, normally† (p.14). Keeping low profile operations in its internal management information system as well as towards outside world communication may compromise its competence and progressive leadership may hinder its effort in attracting investors. Another difficulty raises the issue where Salim Group permits its companies to operate under different legal basis. While the legal system in principle offers uniform interpretations concerning the application, Salim Group system requirements have not obliged to this law. Dieleman (2006) also states that it is always unclear to know if a particular company belongs to the Salim Group until it publishes its end year results in the publicly listed companies, and if it’s a private owned company may be hard to prove its private operations. In this regard, a private holding may be rigid in operating under the provided stringent rules by holding a company. This may prove difficult in providing uniform system that is recognised by all companies. In conclusion, providing uniform interpretation as a strategy to preserve the autonomy of all its operations are required by Salim Group.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It would be naive to believe that having family members control Salim holding would ensure that the firms in question internalise the costs of the damaging practices. A problem arises when it is impossible to raise short-term finances in cases of emergencies. Here, there’s a possibility of these companies failing to organise themselves economically hence limiting their exposure to international markets. Another relevant issue is that since the Salim family holds majority shares that ultimately influences decision making, the organisation may experience complexities in all the separate legal entities. The bigger the num ber of separate legal entities there are, the more difficult it is to legally establish the liability of any particular firm. At this point, Salim Group can not be relied upon to ensure effective management in all the mentioned countries. Around 1972, Salim Group started exploiting its strategy by way of selecting business opportunities rather than being driven by mere opportunities. This market based strategy enabled the introduction of professional management as a way of decreasing government dependency. On the contrary though, international network requires coordinative decision of the involved countries and enterprises without subjecting stringent rules to the corresponding government agencies. In order to operate flexibly, Salim Group should give these countries a chance to express their economic preference and consider their income constraints (Dieleman 2006, p.4). Since the company started organising its business through the value chain, countries that will be selected to pro duce food commodities should be provided incentives to produce quality goods at low costs and to attract new innovations. Also, the fall of Suharto, one of the Salim Group corporate sectors due to huge debts experienced during the period of May1992 could have been minimised or eliminated altogether if the company would have engaged government agencies.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Salim Group Case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major reason for the company’s bankruptcy was because that the family was unable to rescue the bank forcing it to hand all its operation to the government for recapitalisation. Even if particular companies are not threatened by bankruptcy, collaboration with individual countries’ governments reduces tension between short-term economic imperatives and long-term environmental interests that may lead to its closure. Since companies operations are largely manage d by family members, significant investors are most likely to dump stocks whose performance disappoints them. This statement is supported by Dieleman (2006) quote that states â€Å"apart from internal rigorous control system, most of the group’s contributors to profit are listed companies, exposing them to the external control mechanism of the market (minority shareholders† (p.13). Normally when enterprises are subjected to short-term pressure to maintain their earnings, long-term investment opportunities may be ignored subjecting the firms’ survival to receivership. Conclusively, rather than subjecting its business strategies to western multinationals that requires limiting its group core businesses into one strategy to control costs, Salim Group took an entirely different path of geographical orientation that involved very large number industries ranging from food, property, media and telecom limiting its ability to specialise. Even if all the above problems a re overlooked, the problem remains what Dieleman (2006) terms as â€Å"creating a toll-road with many stations† (p.15)† will not increase business opportunities. Linking production in a particular country to consumer markets in another county argument, once again, does not provide management practices that will ensure prosperity of future generations. Environmental forces Environmental forces describe changes in the environment in which business operations and the driving forces that control their relationships. The company’s success is dependent on its diversification strategy that combined food processing with trading business. According to Dieleman (2006), Salim Group followed the belief that â€Å"all businesses are good† (p.3). As Salim explains in Dieleman (2006), â€Å"the group evolved not be design, but by necessity. Whatever opportunity was good, we just grapped† (p.3).Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another strategy that involved combining business skills and political contacts to gain market dominance resulted to lack of dependency resulting to collective irrationality leading to rapid depletion of the resources where common grounds were not achieved. Evidently, when business activities are exchanged with political favours, new business environment driven by import monopolies are likely to occur. Salim Group early expansion in Indonesia subjected its business environment to political orientation forcing its closure. This trading environment is limited to protecting the business against force and fraud since business matters are not left to voluntary agreement in the market place. In a social philosophy, providing favourable business environment aimed at attracting foreign investors is regarded as beneficial to business survival. If one holds the general view that connection with the presidential family increases business opportunities, then once political changes occur, the bu siness is likely to collapse . The standards argument against a business being tied closely with political families begins with the Dieleman (2006) quote that stated â€Å"†¦..when the Salim Group, by then closely connected wit the presidential family, tried to move its noodle company out of Indonesia,†¦..many suspected that the group had inside information on upcoming political changes..†(p.5). Change of political leadership will evidently create a hostile environment in a profound different political situation. Lesson learned from Salim Group With regards to environmental forces, a business should device one practical core business of strategising its business operations. Shifts in mindsets from textile industries to finance operations provide endless financial struggles. A business strategy should stick to its principles to measure its present performance with future costs of today’s environmental practices and future technological developments. Since mark et trends change to keep a breast of Information technology, my future career in entrepreneurship will ensure its operations are up to date with technological development present in evolving markets to keep up with competitive market environments. Human resource in this regard will put emphasis on attracting and retaining talent by quickly adopting to and becoming resilient to innovative technologies. Information technology has influenced all aspects of human resource departments making them more focused to competence. Artlett and Ghoshal (2000) quote â€Å"the global market place is information based and knowledge intensive† (p.140). This change of environment brings about work diversity as required in my future career. In my perspective, diversity will include motivating employees through gain-sharing and application of innovative technologies. Government involvement in my business may serve as a source of environmental regulations as I would prefer a free market where uneq uivocal market price is determined. My point is not that government involvement cannot be assigned to such matters, but its involvement will not claim an â€Å"objective measure† of determining its operations. Involving political perspectives to some extend will be beneficial in environmental practices since costs analysis in the price terms may have an inherent bias. In this case, certain costs and certain benefits will be given certain consideration including waiving taxes. There is a second area where transparency is required disclosing company operations. In this case, my business will disclose all its potential divergence to the public and the media as well as a strategy to attract foreign investors. Salim Group assumed that keeping low profile operations in its internal management information system as well as towards outside world communication may compromise its competence and progressive leadership. Salim Group article also point out that combination of business skil ls with political favours provide favourable trading conditions. This is not a reality since Defining and weighing costs are inherently political matter. Since the application of innovation technologies relies heavily on HR practices, the selection of suitable entrepreneurship programs and qualified human resource manager is required to be able to cope with the technological changes as success or failure of a company relies on them. Reasons driving technological change and the frequency that organisations are required to adapt to these changes can also be incorporated in my business strategy to how the business can cope with technological changes. Research can also be done in technology firms such as internet and software companies could be examined for different HR practices that respond to technological changes. From this, the conclusion is derived that engaging in a business that specialises in one product and studying the scope of markets is of paramount importance in determinin g economic pressures that may lead them to engage in practices that undermine its survival. In conclusion, communication is indeed a top considered strategy in management process with the ultimate goal achieving organisational goals. In this regard, my future career of entrepreneurship will ensure communication goals are aligned with organisation objectives regardless of their predefined objectives such as increased productivity, money surplus and increase livelihoods. Effective communication and efficient feedback system are among the best management principles required of an organisation. In this regard, I will provide transparency in my business operations and invite the media when publishing my end year financial results. The idea could be established that communication skills such as an effective communicator plays a significant role in ensuring organisation accomplish its goals. Salim Group Late Movers Lesson Salim Group growth since the 1950s through the Asian financial crisi s of the late 1990s have been attributed to its newly introduced technologies has increased its likelihood to acquire capital gains. Evidently, relationships between technology changes and human resource development practices are quite fascinating. Research argues that application of innovative technologies improve job performances and human performance. On the other hand however, employee development that required on-job training plays a crucial role in efficiency and inefficiency of a company. It is evidenced that technology has enabled creation of new avenues for grassroots activism and community building. Success of an organisation relies entirely on the ability of an HR manager to manage a multicultural organisation of different religious beliefs, income, educational and work experience. Programs designed to prepared managers to manage diverse workforce that can bring different views at work and perspectives and innovative ideas. Promoting and fighting challenges faced at work places requires reorganising company’s source of assets into strategic organisation talents that capitalize on of diverse cultures. This global arena as demonstrated by late movers that capitalises on a mixture of businesses opportunities requires manpower that rapidly and creatively adopts and applies innovative technologies. An organisation primary goal should be driven in an environment that supports diversity broadly, as a strategy to retain and attract to survive in competitive markets. Chan (2004) emphasizes that â€Å"businesses have to be mindful and strive towards knowledge based and high technology economy approach in most circumstances, lured to share expertise , diversity management requires skilful balancing act of the HR manager† (p.1). In doing this however, an organisation requires to rapidly respond to human complexity by encouraging training and human skill evaluations. This is done by balancing the talent of a broad workforce to correspond to wider c ustomer base. This requires what Chan (2004) quotes as â€Å"planning, organizing, leading and controlling of organisational resources to ensure effective management of workplace diversity to attain organisational goals† (p.1). Leveraging diverse talents and strategies to retain manpower requires application of gaining-sharing program that meets minimum requirements of an organisation. This requirement is crucial for the success of a company, and requires employees to participate in planning and influencing the implementation of gain-sharing formula. These gain-sharing programs require brain storming ideas such as; 1) change of work attitudes as a strategy to motivate employees to increase productivity 2) providing challenging and reasonable targets 3) providing useful and immediate feedback as guidance to realize gain-sharing payouts. To do this, Chan (2004) urges organisations to provide frequent, objective and clear feedback system to drive members’ performance towa rds gain-sharing target 4) provide effective mechanism that will enable employees initiate changes. This can be achieved by ingraining work procedures and methods in gain sharing programs to provide room for new technology. The second dimension applied by late movers is the corporate responsibility embedded in its business operations, polices and practices. Involved with leading the way in the organisation operates, ethical theories when applied correctly create value with its employees, customers, shareholders and the surrounding community by connecting company’s sense of purpose with a sense of accomplishment. Corporate responsibility has immensely gained recognition in top management functions as it actively maximises the good of the society by following the principles while employing maximum efforts in avoiding the morally wrong doings or rather putting constraints on actions. Managing information systems relies heavily on effective managerial control. The lasting effects are experienced through strategic planning and decision making which are very significant in spotting significant variations. By also ensuring communication channels are driven in the right directions, feedback systems should be delivered in the right direction and time and relayed to the right people for immediate actions. In this regard, only important and critical information should be relayed to company websites and made available to the human resource department. This strategy ensured information technology has been ingrained with strategic business goals. Human resource management goals must be aligned with those of employee and organisation needs. Organisation should be flexible enough to quickly adopt and change directions towards customer oriented. This calls for keeping abreast with the latest technological changes and managing organisation effectively through becoming knowledgeable, being able to lead and control the human resource through providing training and employee development Another issue is where Salim Group required its companies to operate under different legal basis. Legal system in principle offers uniform interpretations concerning the application, Salim Group system requirements should have obliged to this requirement. DIELEMAN (2006) also states that it is always unclear to know if a particular company belongs to the Salim Group until it publishes its end year results in the publicly listed companies, and if it’s a private owned company may be hard to prove its private operations. This proves difficult in providing uniform system that is recognised by all companies. Providing uniform interpretation as a strategy to preserve the autonomy of all its operations are required by Salim Group. Also, having family members control Salim holding will not ensure firms internalise costs and may be impossible to raise short-term finances in cases of emergencies. Also, there’s a possibility of these companies failing to organise the mselves economically hence limiting their exposure to international markets. Another relevant issue is that since the Salim family holds majority shares that ultimately influences decision making, the organisation may experience complex management in all the separate legal entities. In conclusion, company’s success is dependent on its diversification strategy that combined food processing with trading business played a major role in its succes. Selecting opportunities based on upcoming opportunities enabled the group penetrate most countries in Asia. It enabled the introduction of professional management as a way of decreasing government dependency. Since international network requires coordinative decision of the involved countries and enterprises without subjecting stringent rules to the corresponding government agencies, Salim Group in order to operate flexibly enabled the countries it traded in a chance to express their economic preference and consider their income constr aints. Since the company started organising its business through the value chain, countries that were considered to produce certain commodities cheaper were identified. List of References Artlett, C.A. GhoshaL, S. 2000, ‘Going Global: Lessons from Late Movers’,  Harvard Business Review, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 132-142 Chan, A. 2004, ‘The Challenges of Human Resource Management: Diversity Working’. Web. Dieleman, M. 2006, ‘The Salim Group: The Art of Strategic Flexibility. Asian Case’,  Research Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-25 This article on Salim Group Case study was written and submitted by user Ernest Cameron to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

apocope - definition and examples of apocope in English

apocope - definition and examples of apocope in English Apocope is a  rhetorical term for the omission of one or more sounds or syllables from the end of a word. Also called end-cut, apocope is a type of elision. Etymology: From the Greek, to cut off Examples and Observations In many poor neighborhoods, the Sandinista Front has more street cred than the local youth gang.(Tim Rogers, Even Gangsters Need Their Mamas. Time magazine, Aug. 24, 2007)Season your admiration for a while with an attent ear.(William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act I, scene 2)Loss of sounds from the end of a word is known as apocope, as in the pronunciation of child as chile.(Thomas Pyles and John Algeo, The Origins and Development of the English Language. Harcourt, 1982)After he left the city, thousands of people toasted him with beer at a barbie, an Australian barbecue.(Pope in Australia, The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1986)Newspapers have their own style and it is important that your feature matches it. For instance, it would be pointless writing a feature for a staid weekly in the style of something more suitable for a lads mag.(Susan Pape and Sue Featherstone, Feature Writing: A Practical Introduction. Sage, 2000) New Words and Names Quite a few English words have resulted from apocope, among them cinema (from cinematograph) and photo (from photograph). Names often undergo apocope (e.g., Barb, Ben, Deb, Steph, Theo, Vince).(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009) Lost Vowels Apocope is a process that deletes word-final segments, including unstressed (reduced) vowels. In Middle English, many words, such as sweet, root, etc. were pronounced with a final [e], but by the time of modern English, these final reduced vowels had been lost. We still see signs of final reduced vowels in the archaic spelling of words like olde.(Mary Louise Edwards and Lawrence D. Shriberg, Phonology: Applications in Communicative Disorders. College-Hill Press, 1983)Oliver Sacks on His Favorite WordOne of my favorite words is apocopeI use it (for example) in A Surgeons Life: . . . the end of the word omitted by a tactful apocope (Anthropologist on Mars, Vintage, p. 94).I love its sound, its explosiveness (as do some of my Tourettic friendsfor when it becomes a four-syllable verbal tic, which can be impaired or imploded into a tenth of a second), and the fact that it compresses four vowels and four syllables into a mere seven letters.(Oliver Sacks, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in F avorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011) Pronunciation: eh-PAHK-eh-pee

The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Example

The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Example The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Running head: Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation Theories: A Literature Review - Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation is an important concept for managers to understand. Motivation affects direction, intensity and duration (Locke Gary, 2004). High task motivation has been found to correlate with high firm growth (Miner, Smith, et. al. , 1989). Berman and Miner (1985) studied CEOs, COOs, executive VPs and group VPs and found that those â€Å"who reached the highest levels of large business firms [had] higher motivation to manage than individuals with less achievement† (377-391). There are many things that affect motivation, such as personal preferences, job satisfaction and organizational factors (Wherry South, 1977). According to Locke and Gary (2004), most people are in situations; particularly work related ones, due to their own personal choices. Latham and Pinder (2005) found that â€Å"goal-setting, social cognitive and organization justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years† (485). Self-efficacy significantly impacts motivation. Lindner (1998) also supports this. Wabba (1974) discusses behavioral choices and motivation. Personal faith also plays a role in motivation. I Corinthians 10:31 states, â€Å"Whether, then, you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God† (NASB). The Bible consistently gives examples of those motivated by their belief and faith in God. When Peter and the disciples were threatened with imprisonment for spreading the gospel, Peter responded with â€Å"we must obey God rather than men† (Acts 5:29, NASB). Their desire to follow God overshadowed concern for physical or earthly consequences. Dysfunctional thinking also can affect motivation (Locke Gary, 2004). Dysfunctional thinking is basically irrational overgeneralizations and it comes from automatic thoughts. Locke and Gary (2004) also suggest that managers learn how to help employees copy with these automatic thoughts in order to identify the irrational nature of their thoughts so they can process them in a way that is productive and provides greater motivation. Gee and Burke (2001) found that the hope for financial gain as a sole motivator is an outdated idea and not nearly as effective as once thought. There are various motivation theories and some recent changes in motivation trends. Gee and Burke (2001) refer to â€Å"human potential management† as opposed to â€Å"human resource management. This seemingly small change in vernacular reflects changing attitudes. Wood (2000) recommends taking into account social identify theory, motivational traits, procrastination and lateness, proactive role orientations and person-environment fit when evaluating theories. Dye, Mills and Weatherbee (2005) believe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been oversimplified to fit the convenienc e of motivational textbooks and in this oversimplication, the point of Maslow’s theories has been missed. They caution against using the hierarchy of needs chart without the complete context. There are some effective best practices that can be derived from motivation theories. Gee and Burke (2001) found that self-managed teams and telecommuting both increased employee motivation. Tai (2006) and Huang (2001) both found positive correlations between effective training programs and employee motivation. Chapman (2008) discusses the role of team-building activities, workshops, inspirational quotes and positive experiences in building employee motivation. Sodenkamp (2005) found that pay-for-performance systems on employee work groups increased motivation as well. The ACCEL-Team’s (2008) findings support this as well. Fitzgerald (1971) cautions against using irrelevant solutions to try motivate employees without first ensuring the solid foundation of the work system itself. Managerial attitudes and actions also have an impact on motivation. Daniel Goleman gives six distinct leadership styles, â€Å"coercive leaders demand immediate compliance. Authoritative leaders mobilize people toward a vision. Affiliative leaders create emotional bonds. Democratic leaders build consensus. Pacesetting leaders set high standards and expect excellence. Coaching leaders develop people† (Longenecker, Moore, Petty Palich, 2008, p. 474-475). Forsyth (2006) called leadership â€Å"the process by which an individual guides others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting and motivating their efforts† (p. 376). Invang (2008) the guide to his group members. â€Å"A manager who listens encourages employee growth and career development† (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 9). Anthony (1989) discusses motivation by example and through involvement and interactions with employees. Wolleat (2007) reviewed Gary Latham’s book, Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice and acknowledged its use in presenting motivation theories but Locke and Gary (2004) found that motivation theories do not compete with each other as much as they show different aspects of motivation. The goal of managers, therefore, should not be so much to evaluate motivation theories to select the superior theory; rather the goal of managers should be to use characteristics of different motivation theories to effectively motivate employees. References ACCEL-Team. (2008). Employee Motivation, the Organizational Environment and Productivity. Al-Khalifa, A. , Peterson, S. E. (2004). On the relationship between initial motivation, and satisfaction and performance in joint ventures. European Journal of Marketing, 38(1/2), 150-174. Anthony, J. H. (1989). Therapeutic Leadership. Leadership Abstracts, 2 (13). Berman, F. E. and J. B. Miner (1985). Motivation to manage at the top e xecutive level: A test of the hierarchic role-motivation theory. Personnel Psychology 38(2): 377-391. Burley-Allen, M. (1995). Listening the Forgotten Skill: A Self-Teaching Guide. 2nd Ed. , Canada, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Chapman, A. (1995-2008). Employee motivation theory team building activities, workshops, inspirational quotes, and the power of positive experience. Densten, I. L. (2002). Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 23(1), 40-44. Dye, K. , Mills, A. J. , Weatherbee, T. (2005). Maslow: man interrupted: reading management theory in context. Management Decision, 43. Fitzgerald, T. H. (1971). Why motivation theory doesnt work. Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publication Corp. 49: 37-44. Forsyth, D. R. (2006). Group Dynamics. 4th Ed. , Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Gee, C. Burke, M. E. (2001). Realizing potential: the new motivation game. Management Decision, 39. Huang, T. C. (2001). Training practices and organization performance in enterprises. Education and Training, 43(8/9), 434-444. Inyang, J. D. (2008, January). Leaders and Leadership Roles in Relation to Effective Management of the Human Resources, 6 (1). Latham, G. P. and C. C. Pinder (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review Of Psychology 56: 485-516. Lemak, D. J. (2004). Leading students through the management theory jungle by following the path of the seminal theorists: A paradigmatic approach. Management Decision, 42. Lindner, J. R. (1998, June). Understanding Employee Motivation. Locke, E. A. Gary, P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29. Longenecker, J. G. , Moore, C. W. , Petty, J. W. , Palich, L. E. (2008). Small Business Management: Launching Growing Entrepreneurial Ventures. Mason, OH: Thomason Higher Education. Miner, J. B. , N. R. Smith, et al. (1989). Role of entrepreneurial task motivation in the growth of technologically innovative firms. Journal of Applied Psychology 74(4): 554-560. Sodenkamp, D. , Schmidt, K. , Kleinbeck, U. (2005). Self-management of work groups through corporate values: From theory to practice. International Journal of Manpower, 26(1/2), 67-79. Tai, W. (2006). Effects of training framing, general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainees training effectiveness. Personnel Review, 35(1), 51-65. Wabba, M. A. , House, R. J. (1974). Expectancy Theory in Work and Motivation: Some Logical and Methodological Issues. Human Relations, 27 (2), 121-147. Wherry, R. J. and J. C. South (1977). A worker motivation scale. Personnel Psychology 30(4): 613-636. Wolleat, P. L. (2007). An Insiders View of Work Motivation: A Mentor Speaks. PsycCRITIQUES 52(17). Wood, R. E. (2000). Work Motivation Theory, Research and Practice: Introduction to the Special Issue. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49.

Environmentalists cannot be animal liberationists Essay

Environmentalists cannot be animal liberationists - Essay Example Although various people believe that both animal rights activists and the environmental activists belong to the same class. Author Gary Varner actually spoke with Mark Sagoff mentioning the belief that the animal rights activists cannot be environmental activists. As a matter of fact this is a statement that has been made by various authors. According to the authors, it is very hard to mess these two groups into a larger group. Varner also stated that among the environmental philosophers there is a tendency to compare the environmental ethics and the animal rights. This is usually done by differentiating the specific views in the ethical theories or the specific accounts of the views that might imply to discussion (Varner 98). The environmental philosophers on the other hand cannot come into an agreement over the fact that the theoretical foundations as well as the practical applications of the animal rights view are quite inconsistent with the people belonging to the discipline of t he environmentalism. Varner also provided evidence that the two groups look at themselves as two different groups, hence the people around should also look to do the same. Varner also said that Bryan Norton believed that both the groups of animal rights activists and the environmental activists should help each other because both the values and systems of the groups point towards the common objective of protecting the ecological balance.

Brain Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Disapprobation of Pornography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disapprobation of Pornography - Essay Example The stigma on pornography basically lies on the negative effect it may leave on the viewer. Indeed, one of my main concerns when it comes to porn is how sexual predators could use it to their advantage. â€Å"In 1970 the U.S. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography essentially gave nonviolent pornography a "clean bill of health," concluding that such materials did not have any demonstrated effects of a damaging personal or social nature.† (Check, 159) However, as pornography became more and more acceptable to society, the level of violence and brutality have increased. Disturbing issues have also arisen such as women’s degradation, gender/racial stereotypes, and juvenile pornography, The violence and bondage scenes in some porn movies, for instance, could send a wrong message or be perceived incorrectly. We must remember that while there is no established definitive causal link between pornography and crime like rape, one study pointed out that "if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and/or cultural factors, some pornography exposure may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors." (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000, p. 81) Another alarming aspect of pornography is the use of young children in pornographic materials. It scares me to think of the young lives in dysfunctional homes; how are they are taken advantage of, and how they can turn to porn for money or even attention. While there are laws in the US that impose harsh penalties on offenders in this area, the advent of technology and the internet almost render them inutile. A pimp making juvenile pornographic materials can be safely tuc ked in a country with no anti-pornographic laws and yet could make his wares available online to anybody around the world.

The risk factors for breast cancer

The risk factors for breast cancer INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Malaysia with an overall age-standardized incidence (ASR) of 46.2 per 100,000 population [1]. The incidence of breast cancer differs among Malaysia states; it is the most common cancer among women in Penang, followed by Sabah [2]. However, there is no previous study on risk factors associated done in Penang before. Determining the risk factors of breast cancer helps to identify women who may benefit most from screening or other preventive measures, also offers hopeful promise of modifying those factors, thus preventing breast cancer occurrence. Many risk factors of breast cancer have been found and many of them have been recognized as established factors. Advancing age is one of the most important factors [3]. Reproductive factors like timing of menarche and menopause, parity play a major role in breast cancer incidence [4, 5] . Also, lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption [6-9], high fat diet [10-14] and smoking [15-17] have been identified by many studies as risk factors for breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the socio-demographic factors, family history, reproductive factors, the life-style factors and external factors with the occurrence of the breast cancer among the study population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study design A matched case-control study was conducted in Penang General Hospital, Penang Island, Malaysia between 20th November 2009 and 22th January 2010 using a standardized questionnaire that designed into two languages: English and Malay. Both cases and controls were matched by age group and ethnicity. Sample size was calculated according to that reported by CARIF-UM (Release New Malaysian Breast Cancer Genetic Study) which stated that 14% of breast cancer patients in Malaysia who have family history of breast cancer [18] and the relative risk for strong family history ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 [19] , the minimum sample size was 149 patients per group. Ethical Approval Our study was approved by Clinical Research Centre and Medical Research Ethic Committee of Ministry of Health Malaysia. Considering the ethical issues, written consent was signed by each case and verbal agreement for interview participation was obtained from all control subjects. All the personal information collected was considered confidential. Data Collection The cases were recruited from a convenience sample of prevalent breast cancer women who attended the oncology clinic, day-care chemotherapy center, oncology ward, and the surgical ward during the period of conducting this research. Women with confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer histologically regardless of the stage and met the following criteria; above 20 years old, non-pregnancy, without any gynecological problems (e.g., artificial menopause by hysterectomy), hormonal and psychological problems, were called for interview. Only one patient refused to participate. Our controls were non-breast cancer women who attended the outpatient clinics and outpatient pharmacy during the same period. Women who are non-pregnant, matched by age group and ethnicity to the cases recruited, without any malignancies, gynological, hormonal and endocrine, and psychological problems are eligible to be our controls. Statistical Analysis All data entry and analyses were conducted using SPSS version 15 Microsoft program. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables, frequencies and percentages for categorical variables were used to describe the study population. Crude ORs with 95% CI were calculated using simple logistic regression models that examined the association between breast cancer status and risk factors. Significant independent variables with P values RESULTS In all, 300 women within two groups were interviewed; 150 women with breast cancer and 150 control women without breast cancer. The means  ± SD age of cases and controls were 52.81  ± 11.13 years (range 23-83 years) and 52.40  ± 11.52 years (range 22-78 years), respectively. Statistically, there is no significant difference between cases and controls in term of age (P value= 0.75) and race frequency (P value= 1.00). Among each cases and controls group, 34.7 % were Malay, 50.7 % were Chinese, 14.0 % were Indian and 0.7 % were other races. Socio-demographic Risk Factors The results of socio-demographic risk factors obtained from univariate logistic regression analysis summarized in Table 1 showed that lower educational level and occupation were significantly related to breast cancer risk (P Family History Family history of first degree relative with other types of cancer (nasopharyngeal, ovarian, Lung, bladder, stomach, or colon cancers) increased the risk significantly (P Reproductive Risk Factors According to the reproductive factors (Table 3), women with late ages at menopauses (= 55 years old) (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 1.18 6.67), or history of menstrual irregularity (OR= 3.2, 95%CI: 1.00 10.08) or who had never breastfed (OR= 1.74, 95%CI=: 1.09 2.76) were more likely to have breast cancer. The protective effect of breastfeeding found to be a duration dependent; women who had breastfed for only few months had a higher risk by 1.51 ( 95%CI: 0.83 2.77) compared to breastfed women for a total of more than 1 year, and the risk increased in non-breastfed women to 2.08 (95%CI= 1.22 3.57). Nevertheless, no statistically significant association were observed between breast cancer and the age at menarche, number of children (parity), age at first full term pregnancy, number of abortions and menopausal status. Life Style and External Risk Factors Breast cancer risk ratios were higher for women who had a history of benign breast disease (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 1.13 6.88) and who had never practiced low fat diet (white meat, white fish, skinless chicken and avoid deep fried food) (OR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.14 2.86). However, other lifestyle factors like; smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI = 25 kg/m2) and external hormone use, like OCP and HRT were not significant statistically to be risks for breast cancer. Multivariate Results Among all factors included in the multivariable model (Table 5), occupation, breastfeeding and practicing low-fat diet play important protective roles against breast cancer; unemployed women (adjusted OR= 2.7, 95%CI: 1.59 4.61), never breastfed women (adjusted OR= 1.94, 95%CI: 1.15 3.27) and never practiced low-fat diet (adjusted OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.18 3.27) were found to be associated with breast cancer risk as statistically significant independent factors. Other factors contributing to breast cancer risk were: family history of distant relatives with breast cancer (adjusted OR= 3.70, 95%CI: 1.48 -9.20) and first degree relatives with other cancers (adjusted OR= 5.27, 95%CI: 1.38 20.1). Also, women with histories of benign breast disease (adjusted OR= 3.14, 95%CI: 1.17 8.40) and menstrual cycle irregularity (adjusted OR= 4.94, 95% CI: 1.42 17.26) were more likely to have breast cancer. OCP use was significantly related to breast cancer risks; however, this was not related to the duration. While using OCP for 5 years increased the risk by only 3 times (95% CI: 1.02 9.00). DISCUSSION In a pooled analysis of 150 breast cancer cases and 150 non-breast cancer controls, associations between breast cancer and various demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors were examined. Both cases and controls were chosen intentionally from the same hospital during the same study period. The risk of breast cancer has been reported to be associated with socio-demographic status [24-26]. Age is a very important risk factor; it was found that breast cancer incidence generally increases with age. The mean age at diagnosis for all breast cancer patients is 50.7  ± 11.0 years. The peak age reaches between 40 and 49 and thereafter the number of breast cancer patients decreases quite dramatically with only 4.0% above 70 years old (Figure 1). Also, only 2.0% of cases were diagnosed below the age of 30 which is consistent with Singletary findings [3]. According to the other socio-demographic factors studied, higher level of education has a protective effect (P Occupation status also plays an important role as a protection factor against breast cancer in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P Family history is an important factor in our population; an adjusted OR of 3.7 (95%CI = 1.48 9.2) was found for women with a distant relative with breast cancer, which is within the OR range reported by previous literature [19, 37] and higher than that reported by others [3, 38]. However, having first degree-relatives with breast cancer is not significantly related to the breast cancer risk (P > 0.05). This may be explained partially because of the high frequency of controls (7 of 150 controls vs. 16 of 150 cases) that had first-degree relatives with breast cancer. Such a high number of family histories in controls may result in an underestimation of increased risk due to the family history. Furthermore, history of first degree relatives with other cancer (gastric, pancreatic, colon, lung carcinoma.etc) is significantly more frequent in patients than in controls with the adjusted odd ratio of 5.27 (95% CI= 1.38 20.1). Recently, it has been discovered that clustering of first degree cases of breast, pancreas and stomach carcinomas in a family has been associated with mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 [39]. Breastfeeding is an important protective factor among our population; women who had never breastfed their baby have a 1.74 (95%CI: 1.09 2.76) higher risk of getting breast cancer and the adjusted odd ratio is 1.94 (ever versus never, 95%CI = 1.15 3.27) in the multivariate analysis. Our finding is in agreement with these studies [40-48], however, others failed to find any association [31, 36, 49-52]. Moreover, the duration of breastfeeding has also an important effect; found that the longer the lactation period, the least the risk of breast cancer. This inverse relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer have been suggested by other studies [46, 53-60], however, other revealed that this is mainly confined to women diagnosed before the age of 40 with a weak trend for older patients [61]. History of irregular menstrual cycle (Polymenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, or Amenorrhea) had an increased risk; the OR range (3.17- 4.94) and this supports the Turkish study [62] which found that menstrual irregularity increased the risk by 1.61 (95% CI 1.05-2.49). Others [55, 63, 64] did not find any significant relation between menstrual irregularity and breast cancer risk. However, it has been reported that menstrual irregularity decreased the risk [65] This study detected a significant association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer, consistent with other local studies [27, 36, 66] and other international studies [46, 67]. Whereas we could not find any relationship between the duration of OCP used and the risk of breast cancer, so our study does not support the growing body of evidence that long-term use of oral contraceptives, especially during certain parts of reproductive life, is associated with a modest increase in breast cancer risk [46, 68]. However, most studies found no or weak association of OCP use with the risk of breast cancer [34, 69-71]. The association between OCP use and breast cancer is also related to the duration, dosage, type of OCP and the age of first use [72]. Previous history of benign breast disease is highly significant in the present study (P Practicing low-fat diet (take only white meat, white fish, and skinless chicken and avoid deep fried food) exhibited an inverse association with the risk of breast cancer, which is significant in both univariate and multivariate analysis (crude OR 1.81, 95%CI= 1.14 2.86) and (adjusted OR: 1.96, 95%CI=1.18 3.27) respectively for women who had never practicing low fat diet. Red and fried meat consumption and fatty foods were suggested as important risk factors for breast cancer [11, 73]. For each additional 100 g (3.5 oz) daily of meat consumption the risk of breast cancer increased risk by 56% in a French case-control study [13]. Another cohort study [74] reported a significant relative risk (RR) of 1.7 for women who reported eating the skin on poultry. Null high consumptions of fatty forms, namely fried fish and chicken with skin were associated with an increase of breast cancer risk [75]. Other case-control studies reported a protective effect of poultry and fish against the devel opment of breast cancer [76]. Also, there was no evidence for a positive association between total dietary fat intake and risk of breast cancer and no reduction in the risk even among women whose energy intake from fat was less than 20 percent of the total energy intake [77]. Some case-control studies and cohort studies have shown weak and inconsistent associations between high intake of dietary fat and poultry with the occurrence of breast cancer [14, 78]. Other well-established factors that have been studied; smoking cigarettes, alcohol intake, regular use of HRT, pre and post-menopausal body mass index (BMI), marital status and the level of monthly income , age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, number of abortions, menopausal status and parity were found not to be significant in this study (P > 0.05). Strength and Limitation To our own knowledge, the present study is the first case-control study of breast cancer to investigate the risk factor in Penang Island, Malaysia. Both cases and control were matched by age group and ethnicity which add some strength to our study. This research studied almost all the socio-demographic, reproductive, lifestyle and external risk factors, so the confounding effects of all of these factors had been taken into consideration when getting our result by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the questionnaire was designed into two languages (English and Malay), hence most of the three main ethnic groups in Penang (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) are fluent in either or both of them. As other case-control studies, our work has some limitations. The question regarding menstrual history (age at menarche, age at menopause) of the respondent are likely to be affected by recall bias. There was a chance of error in recall especially for age at menarche that had been many decades earlier and this may have affected the results. We tried to minimize this bias through assisting the memory of subjects. Some of the Chinese cases were excluded due to the language barrier (they cannot speak Malay or English), that may cause some selection bias. Finally, generalizability of our findings may be precluded by our population features; they have high mean ages, low educational level and belong to a mid socioeconomic class, also by the difference in the ethnicity distribution among different Malaysia states. CONCLUSION In summarily, family history with breast cancer or other cancer, history of benign breast disease, menstrual irregularity, and oral contraceptive used were found to be significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk, whereas breastfeeding, occupation and practicing low fat diet have protective effects against breast cancer. Late age at menopause and education level are significant risk factor only in the univaraite analysis. REFERENCES Lim, G. and Y. Halimah, Second report of the national cancer registry cancer incidence in Malaysia 2003. National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 2004. Rosemawati, A. and A. Sallehudin, Cancer registration in Malaysia. 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Newcomb, P., et al., Lactation in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999. 150(2): p. 174. Furberg, H., et al., Lactation and breast cancer risk. International journal of epidemiology, 1999. 28(3): p. 396. Wang, Q., et al., A case-control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention, 1992. 1(6): p. 435. AL-Shaibani, H., et al., Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Kuwait: Case-control Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (IJMS), 2006. 31(2): p. 61-64. Calderin-Garcidueias, A., et al., Risk factors of breast cancer in Mexican women. Salud p?blica de Mà ©xico, 2000. 42: p. 26-33. Ramon, J., et al., Age at first full-term pregnancy, lactation and parity and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Spain. European journal of epidemiology, 1996. 12(5): p. 449-453. 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Some People Think Parents Should Read or Tell Stories to Children

Some people think parents should read or tell stories to children, while others think parents need not do that, as children can read books, watch TVs or movies by themselves. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Parenting is always a heated topic in our society. What is the best way for children to read and learn? Some people insist on the more traditional method by reading or telling stories to children rather than letting children learn by themselves through books, TV and internet . As far as I am concerned, two complementary methods are necessary to be applied to motivate children to read and learn.It is evident that reading or telling stories to their children is not only a way of learning but also a good approach to strenghten the tie between parents and children. It brings much more happiness to families and make family bond closer. Furthermore reading or telling stories to children is a a more entertaining method thought which children get more enjoyment and a metheod chi ldren perhaps prefer. Consequently children`s interest in reading and learning would easily be motivated. Many of us could remember the lovely moment when we were looking forward to listening for stories before we went to bed.However, independent learning is a vital capacity for â€Å"old† children and young adults. Therefore parents should encourage their children to read and learn by themselves, searching information through various sources such as books, internet as well as TV. For children would be growing up and be independent to face the complicated society one day. This ability would help them much no matter what they do in the future. To sum up, each method discussed above has its merit to be considered as a proper way which parents employ to foster their children a good reading and learning habit and ability.

Once more to the lake Essay

1. In the opening paragraphs, White’s attitude was of reminasance and awe. The nostalgia of his memory shared with us not once but twice. His urge to revisit the lake was strengthened with the readers urge to read just a bit more detail. White claws us into the memory with him, like we were there as a story teller, telling ourselves about what was happening, what it smelled and felt like. His attitude was of a warm â€Å"jollity† that invited us to join. 2. Examples of creative language: â€Å"and the gods grinning and licking their chops in the hills.† â€Å"she ran on moonlight sails.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"With a cake of soap.† â€Å"seen lily pads only from train windows† 3. â€Å"We went fishing the first morning. I felt the same damp moss covering the worms in the bait can, and saw the dragonfly alight on the tip of my rod as it hovered a few inches from the surface of the water.† The effect of the attention to detail in the first 6 paragraphs gives you the feeling that you are right there beside him. That you are reading his diary, or watching it in a movie. Everything is given to you and little is left to the imagination but to imagine with the details handed over. 4.†There were cottages sprinkled around the shores.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This was the background, and the life along the shore was the design.† â€Å"The one-luggers throbbed and fluttered, and the twin cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a quiet sound, too.† The figurative language gives such an awe-encrusted feel to the lake, and allows the reader to imagine what every sense feels, smells, or hears by the figurative language. 5. Sight: â€Å"It was a fairly large and undisturbed lake and there were places in it that, to a child at least, seemed infinitely remote and primeval.† The secluded lake and the rare outbursts of the scenery make it seem like the lake was of a magical essence, sureal in its sense of peace. Sound: â€Å"The one luluggers throbbed and fluttered, and the twin-cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a quiet sound, too.† The sense of sound is described to the reader, and every reader can imagine it differently. It makes it more realatable to the reader since he uses examples every person can understand. Touch/Feel: â€Å"I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw him  wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garnment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death.† It talks of the familiar feeling of icy doom when putting on still-wet swimming suits. Most of everyone knows of the feelin g, and it again adds to the personable feel of the story. Taste: â€Å"There was a choice of pie for dessert, and one was blueberry and one was apple†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We’re given the flavors of the pie, but in reality we most likely thought of the flavors ourselves, because of the common aspect of blueberry or apple pie. Smell: â€Å"the smell of the swamp drift in through the rusty screens.† It talks about the smell in a way that even the most negative connotation (like rust) can feel nostalgia and joy. 6. Paragraph 10 describes the peace and utter tranquility in the lake and surrounding atmosphere. It ebbs and flows along with the water as much as it does into our minds, the almost picture-esque paragraph with audio to go along with it. 7. The specifity of paragraph 11 is very meticulous. He gives us the vision, the sound on purpose. He is trying to appeal to ethos and pathos so as to give us the experience as well. He provides specific details so that the reader can feel apart of the memory. 8. The paragraph’s last sentence began with â€Å"And† to add as an almost after thought to the prior list of campers. It shows the seperation of the campers (everyone getting drenched in the rain while swimming) and the the â€Å"comedian† whom comes into the lake with an umbrella to save themselves from the rain. It’s a very silly thought, and to us as readers it can show the character of everyone there. 9. The final image of the essay given is the son putting on wet, cold swim trunks. And just as how the author imagined himself in his son, we can imagine ourselves as his son. Trying to bear the cold, clinging cloth as you re-dress. It brings back an almost child-like action, which was once done before. 10. The author uses the word â€Å"And† around 130-140 times throughout the essay. The word acts connective in nature, we’re going through the man’s memories so there are so many details to add and feelings to feel. It’s indecisive and exactly as you would expect a verbal recounting of a memory, a story of the past. It makes the essay feel that much more of a story from someone you know.

Building surveying Essays

Building surveying Essays Building surveying Essay Building surveying Essay A chartered building surveyor can work in the commercial, private, and public sectors. Some chartered building surveyors work for property owning clients and contractors. Building surveyors provide professional technical advice on land, property and construction for commercial companies and consultants, central and local government, and private individuals. Surveyors provide a wide range of services including the following: (Kibblewhite and Wilkinson) Managing design and construction Undertaking building surveys and measured surveys Analysing design and building defects Preparing strategies for asset management and property maintenance Preparing insurance valuations and claims Preparing strategic property advice covering land (including easements, licences and covenants etc), and landlord and tenant legislation Project management and development monitoring Miscellaneous services including accessibility and energy audits, specialist surveys (asbestos, damp etc), conservation advice and sustainability advice. In early days a tape, a level and a theodolite were the main instruments used in surveying. Tape was used for distance measurement. Level was used for measuring the height. Theodolite is used for horizontal and vertical angle measurement. In present days there are many advanced instruments are used in this field. A â€Å"total station† is modern equipment which is used in surveying. A theodolite, which contains an electronic distance measurement device, is called total station. It is an electronic device. A computer is used in total station. Some soft wares are also used in total station. There is no need of prism in a total station. It is fully robotic. It automatically records the data. There is no need of extra work. In present scenario a total station is used with some other surveying instruments. (National Cooperative Highway Research Program 40) Automatic Levels, Compasses Dumpy, Levels, Electronic Distance Meter, Horizon Automatic Levels, Horizon Electronic Distance Meter, Horizon Electronic Theodolite, Horizon Optical Theodolite, Laser Levels,Levelling Staves, and Optical Square are the some other surveying instruments. (Survey Instruments, 1997) Surveying is an exciting career. It is the mixer of outdoor and indoor work. Surveyors can run their own business or they can be employed by large companies. Job opportunities abound offering good pay and promotional opportunities. Demand of the Surveyors is very high in current position. For example there is very shortage of surveyors in Australia. In future this demand will increase. (Enemark) To become a professional surveyor you must complete a four year undergraduate degree in Surveying. Graduates can start on $50 60,000 p. a. depending on where they work and the type of work. A graduate can work with any private company or run his own business. Hence there are a lot of jobs in this field. (Enemark) VEscarmelle. â€Å"Building surveying. † July 2006. 30 Nov. 2008. www. savills. com/graduate/pdf/RICS_APC_Building_Surveying. pdf Adams, Richard. â€Å"The Role of Building Surveyors in a Free Market Environment. Sep. 1997. 30 Nov. 2008. www. tefma. com/infoservices/publications/newsletter_issues/news97_09. pdf. Kibblewhite, Thomas and Wilkinson, Sara J. â€Å"Building Surveying: A UK Phenomenon or a Profession with Genuine Global Appeal? † 22 May 2004. 30 Nov. 2008.

Consumer Behavior Example

Consumer Behavior Example Consumer Behavior – Coursework Example Consumer Behavior Consumer Behavior Complaints against Wal-Mart According to the complaints posted by consumers on the independent complaints website Consumer Affairs, it can be inferred that a number of consumers are not satisfied with the service of Wal-Mart. According to one of the complaints, the customer had to face disappointment because no one from the staff helped him out with his queries. According to another customer, the staff did not have knowledge regarding the products available at Wal-Mart therefore he could not find the product he was looking for. Therefore, the company should conduct trainings for its staff in order to enable the staff to satisfy the customers (ConsumerAffairs.com).Complaints against DisneyAccording the complaints posted on an independent website by consumers, it can be inferred that Disney does not treat its customers empathetically. There have been complaints against the Disney cruise by a number of customers. According to one of the customers, he booked a cruise and received a booklet only to find out the dates were incorrect. When he called to find out the problem, he was told that there could be no modifications and the charges to cancel the booking were unusually high. Therefore, Disney should revise its policies to make them consumer friendly (ConsumerAffairs.com).Complaints against SaturnSaturn is a popular car but there have also been complaints about it by a number of consumers on an independent complaints website. According to one of the consumers, the key got stuck in ignition and the consumer was unable to turn down the engine. According to the consumer, the same problem was faced by a number of other consumers as well. Another problem had to face a problem with starting the car in cold or damn mornings. Similarly, other problems faced by consumers were locking of the ignition switch, problem with door locks, and automatic acceleration. Therefore, the company should initiate quality control procedures in order to e nsure that the vehicles do not have any problem. The company should also conduct a survey in order to realize the main problems faced by the consumers (ConsumerAffairs.com).ReferencesConsumerAffairs.com. Wal-Mart. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/retail/walmart.htmConsumerAffairs.com. Disney Cruises. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/travel/disney_cruises.htmConsumerAffairs.com. Saturn. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/automotive/saturn.htm

English court hierarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English court hierarchy - Essay Example There are two main questions that need to be asked and answered in this case; (i) whether Edward's acceptance of David's offer is binding on David, and (ii) whether David's revocation of his offer is effective against EdwardAn offer is made when a person makes a definite promise to do or to abstain from doing something and it becomes binding when it is accepted by whom it is addressed to An offer may be either verbal and written. In this case, David's action by writing to Edward on 1st December offering to sell him a range of office supplies would constitute a written offer.An acceptance is where the offeree indicates his assent to the offer by words or conduct. The general rule is that an acceptance must be communicated to the person making the offer1. If the person making the offer prescribes the specific manner in which the acceptance must be conveyed, then the acceptance must follow such prescribed manner2. David had not indicated in his offer of the manner that the acceptance is to be conveyed and as such Edward's action of writing to David on 14 December accepting his offer would tantamount to a valid acceptance.Communication of acceptance is binding on the offeror when the acceptor puts his acceptance in a course of transmission to the offeror in such a manner that is beyond the acceptor's control. When Edward puts his acceptance letter in the post at 3.00 p.m. on 14 December, this would tantamount to an act of communicating his acceptance to David of his offer. Once the acceptance letter is in the post, it is no longer within Edward's control and the Postal Rule would be applicable in this case i.e. where acceptance by post is an appropriate and reasonable means of communication between the parties, then acceptance is complete as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted, even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost in the post so that it never reaches the offeror3. The postal rule applies to communications of acceptance by cable, including telegra m, but not to instantaneous modes such as telephone, telex and fax. It is submitted that acceptance by Edward of David's offer is completed upon Edward putting the acceptance letter in the post. However, the facts of the case also state that David had in fact revoked his offer to Edward by sending him a telegram at 3.00 p.m. on 14 December. A revocation is one of the ways to terminate an offer and it is the withdrawal of an offer before acceptance. The offer may be revoked by the offeror at any time until it is accepted. However, the revocation of the offer must be communicated to the offeree. Unless and until the revocation is so communicated, it is ineffective4. When David sent a telegram to Edward at 3.00 p.m. on 14 December, this would tantamount to an action of communicating the revocation of his offer to Edward in a manner that is beyond David's control and in the case of telegram, as mentioned above, the Postal Rule would also be applicable. In this case, both communication of acceptance and communication of revocation were sent at the same time and on the same date. The issue would be which of these two would prevail. It is submitted that this would depend on which communication would come to the knowledge of the intended party first. If the acceptance so communicated by Edward comes to the knowledge of David before Edward knows that David has sent a revocation notice, Edward's acceptance would be binding on David. On the other hand, if the revocation notice so communicated by David reaches Edward before David knows about the acceptance, David's revocation notice of the offer would be effective against Edward. Part III - Tort Speedy-Fit's potential liability for the injuries suffered by Jennifer, Toby and Molly would depend on whether it can be established that Speedy-Fit owes a duty to take care5 and that the injuries suffered by the victims was caused by breach of Speedy-Fit of its duty. The burden of

A Global Perspective- Made in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Global Perspective- Made in USA - Essay Example On the contrary, manufacturing industry directly entails processes that ensures large-scale production of goods and services through innovation and production. A close relationship exists between manufacturing industry and globalization in relation to creation of market opportunities and innovation of new ideas (Alden, 2012). It is imperative to understand that globalization creates diversification of ideas that consequently results into generation of new techniques of production and service provision. The generated ideas directly improve manufacturing industry through increased productivity and creation of diversity in services and goods. Most importantly, globalization provides new market opportunities throughout the world for manufactured products. In addition, through globalization, manufacturing industries can establish new production plants in other regions around the globe with available inexpensive resources. It is indispensable that globalization has resulted into evolution in the manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry plays a fundamental role in creation of employment opportunities for American citizens. It is imperative to note that as government employment opportunities decreases, manufacturing industry provides an option for the millions of Americans who need income. The manufacturing industry has acted as a fundamental contributor the growth of US economy through job creation in 1900s until globalization and outsourcing issues started. The era of outsourcing where US-based companies establishes manufacturing plants in developing countries due to cheap labor resulted into the decline in employment rates within the significant sector (Norris, 2012). However, following the current need for resourcing, established companies in USA have created more job opportunities within the manufacturing sector. It is

E-mail protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-mail protocol - Research Paper Example Anonymity of all the parties together with message security and integrity can be ensured by use of digital signature protocols that make it possible for delivery of electronic mail to be certified. i. Several reasons make it necessary to certify delivery of electronic mail. These include: a. To eliminate the danger of hacking, reverse engineering and eavesdropping. b. To ensure that the parties to an electronic message remain anonymous to each other for security reasons. c. To make it possible to safely transfer information from one party to another or from one sender to multiple recipients while at the same time addressing the issue of repudiation. ii. Certifying delivery of electronic mail has several advantages over conventional mail because: a. It improves efficiency of mail delivery while at the same time taking care of security concerns. b. Either of the parties to the message is barred by the protocol from ever denying having received or sent the message. iii. The protocol ens ures that only the intended message is sent. E-mail Protocol Abstract The issue of security can never be overlooked in this digital age when it comes to corporate emails. A simple leakage of confidential information can create a huge social, economical and political scene that can be costly in terms of money. Therefore, the need to add value to delivery of important data over the internet to safeguard individual and corporate interests cannot be overemphasized. To guarantee delivery of email messages, it would be paramount to consider using certified mail and lay down stringent rules to govern employee conduct towards the use of conventional email. However, there are controversies that surround the use of certified mail in that it deals only with a single sender and a single recipient. So, what happens when there is the need to send an email message to more than one recipient? The answer lies in the use of a multi party certified e-mail protocol with multiple recipient capabilities. It enables the sender to realize his intention of sending similar message to multiple recipients. Any recipient who acknowledges receipt of the sender’s message is guaranteed to have received the email. To appreciate the role of email protocols best, it would suffice to not only consider how security loopholes can be sealed in the current internet infrastructure but also look at possible ways of curtailing weaknesses and optimizing on strengths of email protocol. Introduction Without email protocols, it would not be possible to maintain a consistent and orderly system for transporting, routing, handling, retrieval and storage of email messages. Email protocols provide the rules for governing such activities. There are several protocols that enable a mail server and a mail client to exchange information but this will be dealt with later on in this document. Though these protocols differ in some ways, yet they all follow similar pattern. First, one computer will normally start a conversation with another. Second, as the conversation is taking place, the server acknowledges the command using a certain code. The code informs about the success of the command or if an error occurred and finally the conversation is ended. The email protocol helps eliminate communication barriers in email systems thereby making it unnecessary to rely on proprietary protocols. This has the overall effects of making communication to be efficient by eliminating the need of